Method and system for adaptive quantization layer reduction in image processing applications

ABSTRACT

A method and a system for adaptively (dynamically) reducing quantization layer reduction for removing quantization artifacts in quantized video signals is provided. Adaptively reducing quantization layer reduction involves detecting if a selected pixel in a quantized image belongs to a ramp area in each of multiple pre-defined directions, dynamically selecting a quantization level for each of the pre-defined directions based on the corresponding detection results, and refining the pixel based on the selected quantization levels.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to video image processing, andin particular, to reducing quantization artifacts in digital videosignals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A natural scene typically includes smoothly changing areas where theluminance is changing gradually. When the scene is recorded by a digitaldevice such as a digital video camera, such digitization (i.e.,quantization) of the luminance in a smoothly changing area may generatequantization artifacts, whereby the area no longer looks smooth to thehuman eye.

Quantization artifacts are perceivable by the human visual system. Themagnitude of quantization artifacts is determined by the quantizationaccuracy in an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter of the digitizationdevice. This magnitude is not necessarily the same as the smallest stepof the digitization device, and is typically much larger, which makesthe quantization artifacts more obvious to the human eye.

To eliminate such quantization artifacts, their locations in a digitizedimage must first be identified. Then, based on the assumption that suchlocations belong to originally smoothly changing areas, a smoothingoperation is performed on the quantization artifacts. In general, withina largely slowly changing region the quantization artifacts resemblesteps, however identifying them in a digitized image is a difficult taskas it must be determined whether the artifacts are caused by thequantization of smoothly changing areas or are part of the originalscene.

Such identification becomes more complicated in the presence of additivenoise, which is introduced by the digitization (e.g., recording) device.Such noise makes areas containing quantization artifacts look like smalldetailed regions in the original scene. Conventionally, when a noisyarea is identified as an area containing quantization artifacts, then asmoothing process is applied to reduce the noise, as well as the imagequantization layer (or the bit-plane).

Further, a smoothly changing area may look stage-like even when theluminance of neighboring pixels is only changing by the smallestpossible step. In this case, a higher precision content of the smoothlychanging area is desired in order to eliminate the quantizationartifacts. With the higher precision content, halftoning techniques suchas error diffusion or spatial dithering can be used to quantize thehigher precision content to the current bit depth. The quantizationartifacts will no longer be perceivable on the halftoned image due tothe spatial averaging characteristics of the human visual system. Thereis, therefore, a need for a method and a system for reducing thequantization layer in a quantized image.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and a system for reducing thequantization layer in a quantized image. In one aspect, a method ofreducing the quantization layer involves adaptive quantization layerreduction for removing quantization artifacts in quantized videosignals. Adaptive quantization layer reduction includes detecting if aselected pixel in an image area belongs to a ramp area in a certaindirection in each of the multiple pre-defined directions in the imagearea. Based on such ramp detection, a quantization level is dynamicallyselected for each pre-defined direction.

A pre-segmentation operation is performed in the image area to obtain anapproximate smoothly changing area (pre-segmentation area). Then thepre-segmentation area is refined in each pre-defined direction by asegmentation operation to obtain a refined segmented area including theselected pixel. A low-pass filter is applied on the refined segmentedarea to obtain a version with a higher precision luminance. The imageversion with the higher precision luminance is mixed with the originalquantized image according to a gain value to obtain an output image withreduced quantization artifacts, due to less obvious quantization layers.

The gain value is calculated based on the quantization levels from themultiple pre-defined directions, and the luminance value measurementsfrom the refined segmented area.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a system for adaptivequantization layer reduction for removing quantization artifacts inquantized video signals, which system implements the above steps.

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the presentinvention will become understood with reference to the followingdescription, appended claims and accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a functional block diagram of an embodimentof an adaptive quantization layer reduction system that implements aquantization layer reduction method, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of a process for adaptive quantization layerreduction, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatical example of an application of aquantization layer reduction, including ramp direction detection, to aset of digitized image pixels in the multiple pre-defined directions,according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A-B show examples of ramp detection in a selected pre-defineddirection, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows an example of computing the quantization level of a ramparea, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A-B show examples of selecting thresholds based on pixel locationin non-ramp and ramp areas, respectively, for detecting smoothlychanging areas, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows an example of sub-gain control based on the differencebetween the maximum luminance value and the minimum luminance valuewithin an image segment, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8 shows an example of dynamically setting luminance thresholdsbased on the quantization levels in pre-defined directions, for gaincomputation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 9A-B show examples of controlling gain values based on thedifference between the luminance value of a pixel of interest and theluminance values within a symmetric segment of the digitized image,according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows an example of controlling a gain value based on the numberof sign changes of neighboring pixel differences along pre-defineddirections in a symmetric segment of the digitized image, according toan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 shows an example of adaptively and dynamically settingthresholds based on quantization levels in pre-defined directions, forgain control according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 shows an example of mixing by linear interpolation between theoriginal luminance value and the filtered result based on a gain value,according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and a system for adaptivequantization layer reduction, which allows reduction of quantizationartifacts in a quantized (digital) image. This involves detecting ifeach selected pixel in a quantized image area belongs to a ramp area ineach of the multiple pre-defined directions. Based on such rampdetection, a quantization level is adaptively (dynamically) selected foreach of the pre-defined directions.

A higher precision version of the input image is also generated, and thequantization levels for the multiple pre-defined directions, along withluminance measurements in a directionally segmented image segmentincluding a selected pixel, are used for gain control in mixing theinput quantized image with the higher precision version, to obtain anoutput image with reduced quantization artifacts. The output image has ahigher precision luminance then the input image, but essentially withoutover-smoothing.

FIG. 1 shows a functional block diagram of an example image processingsystem 100 which implements a quantization layer reduction process,according to an embodiment of the present invention. The system 100comprises a pre-segmentation module 102, a segmentation module 104, alow-pass filtering module 106, a ramp detection module 108, a gaincontroller module 110, a quantization level calculator module 112, and amixer module 114.

The ramp detection module 108 detects whether a pixel of interest in aquantized input image belongs to a ramp area in each of the multiplepre-defined directions. The ramp detection module 108 also detects theramp direction for the pixel of interest, such that quantization layerreduction can be applied along the detected ramp direction.

The quantization level calculator module 112 calculates the quantizationlevel in each pre-defined direction. The pre-segmentation module 102extracts pre-segmented areas comprising an approximate smoothly changingarea, in each pre-defined direction for further segmentation. Thesegmentation module 104 refines the pre-segmented area in eachpre-defined direction based on the corresponding quantization levelcalculated by the quantization level calculator module 112, to obtain asegmented area comprising a smoothly changing area. As such, thepre-segmentation module 102 and the segmentation module 104 togetherprovide a directional segmentation function which extracts the pixelluminance values along the detected ramp direction, and segment out asmoothly changing area.

The low-pass filtering module 106 then applies filtering to thesegmented area to obtain a higher precision luminance for the pixel ofinterest in the segmented area. The gain controller 110 measures certainconditions to obtain an overall gain value. Based on the overall gainvalue, the mixer 114 mixes the filtered luminance value of the pixel ofinterest from the filter module 106, with the original luminance valueof the pixel of interest in the input video, to generate an outputsignal. This avoids over-smoothing. As such, the output video pixelluminance from the mixer 114 has a precision higher than the inputluminance value, with reduced quantization artifacts and essentiallywithout over-smoothing.

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of an example process 150 for adaptivequantization layer reduction, including the steps of: applying rampdetection for a pixel of interest in each of the multiple pre-defineddirections to determine a ramp direction for the pixel of interest (step152); calculating the quantization level in each pre-defined direction(step 154); applying a pre-segmentation process in each pre-defineddirection to obtain pre-segmented areas with approximate smoothlychanging areas (step 156); applying segmentation to the pre-segmentedareas in each pre-defined direction to obtain a segmented (refined) areacomprising a smoothly changing area including the pixel of interest(step 158); applying low-pass filtering to the smoothly changing area toobtain a higher precision value (step 160); deriving a gain value (step162); and using the gain value to mix the resulting luminance valuesfrom low-pass filtering with the original luminance values to obtain anoutput luminance value with a precision value higher than the inputluminance value but without over-smoothing (step 164).

FIG. 3 shows an example quantized image area (window) 200 of pixels 202.An example operation of the system 100 (FIG. 1) implementing thequantization layer reduction process 150 (FIG. 2) in each of themultiple pre-defined directions 206-212 centered at a pixel of interest204 in FIG. 3, is now described.

Ramp Detection and Quantization Level Calculation

The quantization layer often occurs in ramp areas in the digitizedimage. The ramp detector module 108 detects whether the pixel ofinterest 204 belongs to a ramp area in each of the pre-defineddirections 206-212. Quantization layer reduction is applied in eachdirection over the pixel of interest 204, which is applied to the pixels202 in that direction within the local window 200. Based on the rampdetection results, the quantization level calculation module 112estimates a quantization level q from the pixels 202 in each pre-defineddirection.

An example of detecting whether the pixel of interest 204 belongs to aramp area along the pre-defined direction 206 is described below.Similar steps are then applied for detecting whether the pixel ofinterest 204 belongs to a ramp area along each of the remainingpre-defined directions 208-212.

For the pre-defined direction 206, the pre-segmentation module 102applies pre-segmentation to the pixels 202 in the direction 206 toobtain a pre-segmented area including the pixel of interest 204. Then,the segmentation module 104 refines the pre-segmented area to obtain arefined segment area including the pixel of interest 204, based on thequantization level q. If the pixel of interest 204 belongs to a ramparea in the direction 206, a higher quantization level q is used in thecorresponding direction by the segmentation module 104 to segment alarger smoothly changing area in the image 200; otherwise, a smallerquantization level is used. The low-pass filter 106 then filters therefined segment area to obtain a higher precision luminance value forthe pixel of interest 204. The gain controller 110 performs severalluminance value measurements on the refined segment area to generate anoverall gain. Based on the overall gain, the mixer 114 mixes the higherprecision luminance value from the low-pass filter with the originalluminance of the pixel of interest 204 to obtain an output luminancevalue. This provides an output video image with reduced quantizationlayer and less perceivable quantization artifacts.

The ramp detection module 108 determines if the pixel of interest (P)204 belongs to a ramp area in the direction 206 by comparing theluminance of the pixels in direction 206 to a threshold th. To cancelout the effect of noise, in one example the threshold th is determinedby the luminance values of the pixels 202 in the direction 206. Inanother example, the threshold th is determined by averaging the maximumand the minimum luminance values of the pixel values in the direction206. As those skilled in the art will recognize, other example ofcalculating the threshold th can be utilized.

Then, certain events which indicate if two neighboring pixels in thedirection 206 are located above or below the threshold th are counted.The pixels with a luminance value equal to the threshold th aretemporally removed during the counting. A ramp is detected if the totalcount is less or equal to one, which indicates that the pixel ofinterest belongs to a ramp area. Otherwise, the pixel of interest doesnot belong to a ramp area. The same process is also applied along thedirections 208, 210 and 212.

FIG. 4A shows an example set of pixels 202 including neighboring pixelsA, B and C, along the direction 206. The luminance of the pixel A isbelow the threshold th, the luminance of the pixel B is equal to thethreshold th, and the luminance of the pixel C is above the thresholdth. Since the luminance of the pixel C is above the threshold th and theluminance of the pixel A is below the threshold th, one event iscounted. Using the same process, two more events are counted for theremaining pixels in FIG. 3A, bringing the total count for FIG. 3A tothree. Since the total count for the pixels in FIG. 3A is greater thanone, this indicates that the pixel of interest among the pixels 202 isin a non-ramp area. In this example, the segmentation module 104 uses asmaller quantization level to segment the image area 200.

FIG. 4B shows another example set of pixels 202 including the pixel ofinterest. By applying the above counting process to the example in FIG.3B, the total count results in one event for all of the pixels in FIG.3B. This indicates the existence of a ramp area and that the pixel ofinterest does belong to the ramp area. In this example, the segmentationmodule 104 uses a higher quantization level to segment a larger smoothlychanging area in the image area 200.

As discussed, ramp detection in each pre-defined direction (directions206-212) determines if the pixel of interest 204 either belongs to aramp area or does not belong in that direction. If the pixel of interest204 is in a non-ramp area, then the pixel of interest 204 in thedigitized image may contain information for actual small details in theoriginal scene as opposed to quantization artifacts. Therefore, in thatcase, it is preferable to keep the original pixel value for the pixel ofinterest 204 without filtering, in order to conserve the original sceneinformation for the small details. If the pixel of interest 204 is in aramp area, then the quantization level is selected to be large enough tocover the entire smoothly changing area for better filtering result.

Thus, the quantization level in each pre-defined direction is associatedwith the steepness of the ramp in each corresponding direction. Thequantization levels are used for gain computation in the gain controller110.

If the pixel of interest 204 is in a ramp area along the direction 206,then the quantization level q is selected to be large enough (i.e.,max_quant) to cover an entire smoothly changing area in the image area200. Thereafter, filtering is applied to the smoothly changing area. Assuch, when the pixel of interest 204 belongs to a non-ramp area in apre-defined direction, the quantization level calculation module 112selects the smallest quantization level (q_min) as the quantizationlevel q.

FIG. 5 shows an example 400 of selecting quantization level q for rampareas represented by the example graph 402. For ramp areas, thequantization level is determined by the absolute difference of themaximum luminance P_(max) and the minimum luminance P_(min) in thatdirection. If the difference is smaller than a pre-defined threshold t1,the quantization level is set to a pre-defined value q_min; if thedifference is greater than a pre-defined threshold t2, the quantizationlevel is set to a pre-defined value q_max; otherwise, the quantizationlevel is set to a linearly interpolated value between t1 and t2 based onthe position of the difference between the two thresholds t1 and t2.

Accordingly, the quantization level in each pre-defined direction iscalculated. In the example of FIG. 3, totally, 4 quantization levels q1,q2, q3 and q4 are calculated for directions 206, 208, 210 and 212,respectively. The quantization levels are used for gain computation inthe gain controller 110. An example is described in relation to FIG. 8further below.

Pre-Segmentation

To detect the actual smoothly changing area, using the pre-segmentationmodule 102, a pre-segmentation process is applied in each of thepre-defined directions to roughly approximate such actual smoothlychanging area, which area is further refined in the segmentation module104. In one example, in each of the pre-defined directions 206-212, thepixel of interest P (204) is first included in the pre-segmented area.Then, on both the left and the right side of the pixel of interest P(204), the pre-segmentation process extends the pre-segmented area fromclose to far, until two neighboring pixels are located above and below athreshold th, respectively. For non-ramp areas, the threshold th can beobtained using the same method as in ramp detection such as calculatingthe average luminance value of the pixels in that direction. For rampareas, the threshold th is set to be the luminance value of the pixel ofinterest P (204). Same as in ramp detection above, the pixels withluminance value equal to the threshold th during the pre-segment, aretemporally removed.

As shown in the example of FIG. 6A, if the pixels 202 in a pre-defineddirection 206 (FIG. 3) are detected as being in a non-ramp area, andonly the pixel of interest 204, itself, is in a pre-segmented area 502.For non-ramp areas, the threshold th is obtained using the same methodas in ramp detection, and only the pixel of interest 204 itself isdetected as the pre-segmented area.

As shown in the example of FIG. 6B, if the pixels 202 in the pre-defineddirection 206 (FIG. 3) are detected to be in a ramp area, then theluminance value P of the pixel of interest 204 is used as the thresholdth, and the pixels of the whole row in the direction 206 are detected asthe pre-segmented area 504.

After applying the pre-segmentation process in all the pre-defineddirections, the pre-segmented data in the pre-segmented areas providesan approximate smoothly changing area. Generally, the pre-segmented datacan exclude some small details, thus, the pre-segmentation can reducethe chance of smoothing out the small details.

Segmentation

Segmentation is then applied to the pre-segmented areas (e.g., area 502in FIG. 6A, area 504 in FIG. 6B). In one example, in each pre-defineddirection 206-212 (FIG. 3), on each side the center pixel (i.e., thepixel of interest P (204)), the segmentation module 104 computes theluminance difference of neighboring pixels one by one, from close tofar, to determine if the luminance difference is larger than thequantization level in that direction in the approximate smoothlychanging area. If so, the segmentation process in that direction isstopped and the pixels before the stop point are included in theresulting segment, whereby a refined segment is obtained which containsthe pixel of interest 204.

After applying the segmentation in all of the pre-defined directions,the refined segment forms a smoothly changing area. The low-passfiltering module 106 performs low-pass filtering on the refined segmentto obtain a higher precision luminance value for the pixel of interest204, based on the luminance values of the pixels in the refined segment.However, if the refined segment is not symmetric about the pixel ofinterest 204, the resulting luminance value for the pixel of interest204 from a low-pass filter 106 that is designed for a symmetric segment,may be biased. To avoid the bias, the farthest pixel with respect to thepixel of interest 204 is discarded until the refined segment, centeredon the pixel of interest 204, is symmetric in each pre-defineddirection. Therefore, a result of segmentation by the directionalsegmentation unit 104 (FIG. 1), a symmetric refined segment (“symmetricsegment”) is obtained that is centered at the pixel of interest 204.Low-pass filtering and gain control are then applied for the symmetricsegment, as described below.

Low-Pass Filtering

The symmetric segment represents a smoothly changing area and thereforecan be used to compute a higher precision value of the pixel ofinterest. In one example, the low-pass filter 106 is applied only on theluminance values of the pixels in the symmetric segment. The filterparameters can be arbitrary. One example filter uses simple averaging ofthe pixels' luminance values within the symmetric segment for generatinghigh precision pixels. As those skilled in the art will recognize, otherlow-pass filters can be used as well, for example, Gaussian filters withdifferent variances.

The maximum and minimum luminance values, Y_(max) and Y_(min),respectively, of pixels in the symmetric segment, are also recorded todevelop certain luminance value measurements for gain computation by thegain controller 110, described below.

Gain Control

The luminance value measurements are used by the gain controller 110 toderive a gain value, which gain value is used in the mixer 114 formixing/combining the output of the filter 106 with the original inputpixels. This process essentially avoids over-smoothing of the pixels. Inimplementation of the gain controller 110, each luminance measurementleads to a sub-gain, with ranges e.g. between 0 and 1. The overall gainOG is obtained from all of the sub-gains (e.g., by multiplying all thesub-gains together). Other ways of obtaining the overall gain OG basedon the sub-gains include choosing the minimum sub-gain, etc. The overallgain OG can be spatially filtered before use by the mixer 114.

The first luminance measurement is the difference between the maximumluminance value Y_(max) and the minimum luminance value Y_(min) of thepixels within the symmetric segment. This difference value is subjectedto a soft-switching process shown by an example graph 600 in FIG. 7,wherein two threshold values, Y1 and Y2, are pre-defined. If thedifference is smaller than the smaller threshold Y1, a sub-gain g1 isset to 1; if the difference is larger than the larger threshold Y2 ₂,the sub-gain g1 is set to 0; otherwise, the sub-gain g1 is set to alinearly interpolated value between 0 and 1 based on the position of thedifference between the two thresholds Y1 and Y2.

Normally, a larger quantization level is obtained in a steeper ramp. Tomaintain the gain of the steeper ramp, the threshold values Y1 and Y2can be increased. The threshold values Y1 and Y2 can be dynamically set(selected) based on the quantization levels. FIG. 8 diagrammaticallyshows an example process 700 for dynamically setting the thresholds Y1and Y2 for sub-gain computation based on the quantization levels (e.g.,q1, q2, q3, q4) in the pre-defined directions (e.g., 206-212). As shownin FIG. 8, if the maximum quantization level q_(max) among thequantization levels for the pre-defined directions (e.g.,q_(max)=max(q1, q2, q3, q4)) is smaller than a pre-defined thresholdq_th1, the value Y1 (graph 702) is set to a pre-defined value Y1_min andthe value Y2 (graph 704) is set to a pre-defined value Y2_min (whereinY2_min≧Y1_min); if q_(max) is larger than a pre-defined threshold q_th2,the value Y1 is set to a pre-defined value Y1_max and the value Y2 isset to a pre-defined value Y2_max (Y2_max>=Y1_max); otherwise, settingY1 to a linearly interpolated value between Y1_min and Y1_max based onthe position of q_(max) between q_th1 and q_th2, and setting Y2 to alinearly interpolated value between Y2_min and Y2_max based on theposition of q_(max) between q_th1 and q_th2.

A second sub-gain value g2 is determined based on this difference value.Generally, original small details in a scene show as peak or valleyluminance values in a digitized image area (e.g., area 200 in FIG. 2).To avoid smoothing out such original small details, if the luminancevalue of the pixel of interest 204 is very close to the minimum or themaximum luminance value within the refined symmetric segmented area, thegain (e.g., sub-gain value g2) is reduced.

In one example, the sub-gain value g2 includes two gain components, f1and f2. As shown by the example in FIG. 9A, a minimum difference value,min (P−Y_(min), Y_(max)−P), is soft-switched to obtain the gaincomponent f1 using the switching graph 800, wherein the threshold valuesD1 and D2 are pre-defined. As such, the gain component f1 is controlledby the minimum of: (1) the difference between the luminance of the pixelof interest 204 and a minimum luminance in the symmetric segment, and(2) the difference between the luminance of the pixel of interest 204and a maximum luminance value in the symmetric segment.

According to the graph 800, if the minimum difference value, min(P−Y_(min), Y_(max)−P), is smaller than the smaller threshold D1, thenthe gain component f1 is set to 0; if the minimum difference value islarger than the larger threshold D2, the gain component f1 is set to 1;otherwise, the gain component f1 is set to a linearly interpolated valuebetween 0 and 1 based on the position of said minimum difference valuebetween the thresholds D1 and D2.

Further, as shown by the example in FIG. 9B, the possibility of thesymmetric segment containing small details is checked based on thesecond gain component f2 according to the graph 802. As such, the gaincomponent f2 indicates the possibility of small detail in the symmetricsegment.

The gain component f2 is obtained by soft-switching the absolutiondifference between the maximum luminance value Y_(max) and the minimumluminance value Y_(min) according to the graph 802, wherein, if theabsolution difference is smaller than a smaller threshold C, then thegain component f2 is set to 0; if the absolution difference is largerthan the larger threshold C2, then the gain component f2 is set to 1;otherwise, the gain component f2 is set to a linearly interpolated valuebetween 0 and 1 based on the position of the difference between the twopre-defined thresholds C1 and C2.

If the difference between the maximum luminance value Y_(max) and theminimum luminance value Y_(min) are below a certain threshold, it isassumed that there are no small details in the symmetric segment. Inthat case, the value of the gain component f1 should not affect theoverall gain. Thus, the second sub-gain g2 is computed asg2=1.0−(1.0−f1)*f2.

In order to take the presence of noise into account, a third measurementused by the gain controller 110 involves determining the total number ofsign changes of the neighboring differences along each pre-defineddirection within the symmetric segment. A sign change is defined as aninstance of minimizing or maximizing the value of the pixel luminancevalues along each pre-defined direction. In one example, the luminancevalue of each pixel in the segment is compared to a certain threshold,using the average value of the maximum and the minimum luminance as thethreshold. Based on the comparison, if a pixel luminance is higher thanthe threshold, then a value 1 is associated with that pixel, otherwise avalue 0 is associated with that pixel. As such, each pixel of thesymmetric segment will either have a value 0 or a value 1 associatedtherewith. Then, when moving from one pixel to the next along thedirection 206, a sign change is counted each time an associated pixelvalue goes from 0 to 1 and back to 0, or goes from 1 to 0 and back to 1,along each direction.

The number of sign changes in each pre-defined direction is counted andadded as the total sign change number signchanges. For the example inFIG. 3, the number of sign changes in each of the pre-defined directions206-212 is added up for the four sign change counts.

The ratio of signchanges to the total number of the pixels, count,within the symmetric segment is then soft-switched to obtain a thirdsub-gain g3. As shown by graph 900 in FIG. 10, two thresholds S1 and S2(wherein S1<S2) are pre-defined, wherein if the ratio is smaller thanthe smaller threshold S1, the sub-gain g3 is set to 1; if the ratio islarger than the larger threshold S2, the gain g3 is set to 0; otherwise,the sub-gain g3 is set to a linearly interpolated value between 0 and 1based on the position of the ratio between the two thresholds S1 and S2.

To avoid over filtering, fewer sign changes should take place in steeperramp areas. Thus, the threshold values S1 and S2 are dynamicallyselected based on the quantization levels. The thresholds S1 and S2 areadaptively set based on the quantization levels as shown by graphs 1000,1002 in FIG. 11, such that if the maximum quantization level q_(max)(q_(max)=max (q1, q2, q3, q4)) is smaller than a pre-defined minimumquantization level q_min, the value S1 is set to a pre-defined valueS1_min, and value S2 is set to a pre-defined value S2_min; if q_(max) islarger than a pre-defined maximum quantization level q_max, the value S1is set to a pre-defined value S1_max, and the value S2 is set to apre-defined value S2_max; otherwise, the value S1 is set to a linearlyinterpolated value between S1_min and S1_max based on the position ofq_(max) between q_min and q_max, and the value S2 is set to a linearlyinterpolated value between S2_min and S2_max based on the position ofq_(max) between q_min and q_max.

The above three sub-gain values, g1, g2 and g3, are combined (e.g.,multiplied) to obtain an intermediate gain value. In one example, theintermediate gain value can be used as the overall (final) gain value bythe mixer 114. In another example, the intermediate gain value is firstprocessed in a spatial filter before being used by the mixer 114 as theoverall gain value. In that case a 1×3 median filter, a 3×3 mean filter,etc., can be used. Different types of filters can be added in order toensure a smooth transition of the output.

Mixing

The mixer 114 uses the overall gain OG to combine the original luminancevalue of the pixel of interest 204 with the low-pass filtered (higherprecision) luminance value of the pixel of interest 204 generated by thefiltering module 106. In one example, said original and low-passfiltered luminance values are linearly interpolated by the mixer 114.FIG. 12 shows an example wherein a linear interpolation process for theoriginal (Org_pixel) and the filtered (Filtered_result) luminance valuesis performed based on the overall gain OG and the graph 1100. Theinterpolation result is then output as a higher precision output video,with reduced quantization layers and reduced quantization artifacts,compared to the input video. Other interpolation methods, and mixingmethods, can be used as well.

Output video from the mixer 114 has less/reduced quantization artifactsthan input video to the system 100. The resulting luminance value frommixer 114 comprises the output video pixel having a higher precisionvalue for removing the quantization artifacts. The above steps arerepeated for each of a plurality of pixels in the image area of aquantized image.

As is known to those skilled in the art, the aforementioned examplearchitectures described above, according to the present invention, canbe implemented in many ways, such as program instructions for executionby a processor, as logic circuits, as an application specific integratedcircuit, as firmware, etc.

The present invention has been described in considerable detail withreference to certain preferred versions thereof; however, other versionsare possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claimsshould not be limited to the description of the preferred versionscontained herein.

1. A method of processing a quantized input image, comprising: detectingif a selected pixel in the quantized image belongs to a ramp area ineach of multiple pre-defined directions by comparing luminance of pixelsin the pre-defined directions to a threshold, wherein the threshold isdetermined based on luminance values of pixels in the pre-defineddirections; dynamically selecting a quantization level for each of thepre-defined directions based on the corresponding detection results;refining the pixel based on the selected quantization levels including:applying a segmentation process along the ramp direction to obtain asmoothly changing area including the selected pixel; and refining thesmoothly changing area based on the quantization levels to obtain arefined segment area; performing a low-pass filtering operation on therefined segment area to obtain a filtered area with higher precisionpixel values; performing luminance value measurements in the refinedsegment area; and determining a gain value from the measured luminancevalues including determining a sub-gain g3 based on the neighboringpixel differences along the selected direction within the refinedsegment and determining the sub-gain value g3 further based on a ratioof: (a) the total sign changes of the neighboring differences along thepre-defined directions within the refined segment, and (b) the totalnumber of the pixels within the refined segment.
 2. The method of claim1 wherein refining comprises increasing a precision of the pixel suchthat the refined pixel has a higher precision, and a reducedquantization layer, than the input pixel.
 3. The method of claim 1wherein dynamically selecting each quantization level further includesselecting each quantization level based on the steepness of the ramparea in a corresponding direction.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein theselected quantization level is higher for a pixel in a ramp area thanfor a pixel in a non-ramp area.
 5. The method of claim 1 whereinselecting the quantization level in each direction further includesselecting the quantization level based on a set of pixels in thatdirection.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising: using the gainvalue to mix the filtered and the original luminance values of theselected pixel.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a gainvalue further includes determining a sub-gain g1 based on a differencebetween a maximum luminance value Y_(max) and a minimum luminance valueY_(min) of the pixels within the refined segment.
 8. The method of claim1, wherein determining a gain value further includes determining asub-gain g2 based on a difference between the luminance of the selectedpixel, and either a minimum luminance Y_(min) or a maximum luminanceY_(max) within the refined segment.
 9. The method of claim 1, whereindetermining a gain value further includes: determining a first sub-gaing1 based on a difference between a maximum luminance value Y_(max) and aminimum luminance value Y_(min) of the pixels within the refinedsegment; determining a second sub-gain g2 based on a difference betweenthe luminance of the selected pixel, and either a minimum luminanceY_(min) or a maximum luminance Y_(max) within the refined segment;determining a third sub-gain g3 based on the neighboring pixeldifferences along the selected direction within the refined segment; anddetermining the gain value based on a combination of two or more of thesub-gain values.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprisingdetermining the gain value by multiplying the three sub-gains togetherto obtain the gain value.
 11. The method of claim 10 further comprisingdetermining the gain value by multiplying the three sub-gains togetherand spatially filtering the product to obtain the gain value.
 12. Themethod of claim 8 wherein determining the sub-gain g2 further includesdetermining the sub-gain g2 as a function of a first gain component f1that is based on the minimum of: (1) the difference between theluminance of the selected pixel and a minimum luminance in the refinedsegment, and (2) the difference between the luminance of the selectedpixel and a maximum luminance value in the refined segment.
 13. Themethod of claim 12 wherein determining the sub-gain g2 further includesdetermining the sub-gain g2 further as a function of a second gaincomponent f2 that is based on the absolution difference between themaximum luminance value Y_(max) and the minimum luminance value Y_(min)in the refined segment.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein: applying asegmentation process further includes: applying pre-segmentation in eachpre-defined direction to obtain an approximate smoothly changing areaincluding the selected pixel; and applying segmentation in eachpre-defined direction to obtain a smoothly changing area including theselected pixel; the method further includes: performing low-passfiltering on smoothly changing area to obtain a higher precision value;and mixing the higher precision value with the luminance of the originalluminance of the selected pixel to obtain an output luminance value. 15.The method of claim 7 determining the sub-gain g1 further comprises:comparing said difference to threshold values, Y1 and Y2, wherein Y1<Y2;if said difference is smaller than the smaller threshold Y1, thensetting sub-gain g1 to 1; and if said difference is larger than thelarger threshold Y2, then setting sub-gain g1 to 0; otherwise, settingsub-gain g1 to a linearly interpolated value between 0 and 1 based onthe position of the difference between the two thresholds Y1 and Y2. 16.The method of claim 15 further comprising selecting the threshold valuesY1 and Y2 based on the quantization levels in the pre-defineddirections.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein selecting the thresholdvalues Y1 and Y2 further includes: determining a maximum q_(max) amongthe quantization levels; if q_(max) is smaller than a pre-definedthreshold q_th1, then selecting Y1 and Y2 as pre-defined values Y1_minand Y2_min (Y2_min≧Y1_min), respectively, wherein Y2_min≧Y1_min; and ifq_(max) is larger than a pre-defined threshold q_th2, then selecting Y1and Y2 as pre-defined values Y1_max and Y2_max, respectively, whereinY2_max≧Y1_max; otherwise, setting Y1 to a linearly interpolated valuebetween Y1_min and Y1_max based on the position of q_(max) between q_th1and q_th2, and setting Y2 to a linearly interpolated value betweenY2_min and Y2_max based on the position of q_(max) between q_th1 andq_th2.
 18. The method of claim further comprising: comparing said ratioto threshold values, S1 and S2, wherein S1<S2; if the ratio is smallerthan the smaller threshold S1, then setting sub-gain g3 to 1; and if theratio is larger than the larger threshold S2, then setting sub-gain g3to 0; otherwise, setting the sub-gain g3 to a linearly interpolatedvalue between 0 and 1 based on the position of the ratio between the twothresholds S1 and S2.
 19. The method of claim 18 further comprisingdynamically selecting the threshold values S1 and S2 based on thequantization levels.
 20. An image processing system for processing aquantized input image, comprising: a hardware processor coupled with adetector that is configured for detecting if a selected pixel in thequantized image belongs to a ramp area in each of multiple pre-defineddirections; a quantization level calculator that is configured fordynamically calculating a quantization level for each of the pre-defineddirections based on the corresponding detection results; and a refiningmodule that is configured for refining the pixel based on the selectedquantization levels, wherein the refining module comprises: apre-segmenter that is configured for applying a segmentation processalong the ramp direction to obtain a smoothly changing area includingthe selected pixel; a segmenter that is configured for refining thesmoothly changing area based on the quantization levels to obtain arefined segment area; a low-pass filter that is configured forperforming a low-pass filtering operation on the refined segment area toobtain a filtered area with higher precision pixel values; and a gaincontroller that is configured for obtaining luminance value measurementsin the refined segment area, and for determining a gain value from themeasured luminance values, wherein the gain controller is furtherconfigured to determine a sub-gain g3 based on the neighboring pixeldifferences along the selected direction within the refined segment,wherein the gain controller is further configured to determine thesub-gain g3 based on a ratio of: (a) the total sign changes of theneighboring differences along the pre-defined directions within therefined segment, and (b) the total number of the pixels within therefined segment.
 21. The system of claim 20 wherein the refined pixelhas a higher precision, and a reduced quantization layer, than the inputpixel.
 22. The system of claim 20 wherein the quantization levelcalculator is configured to calculate each quantization level based onthe steepness of the ramp area in a corresponding direction.
 23. Thesystem of claim 20 wherein the calculated quantization level is higherfor a pixel in a ramp area than for a pixel in a non-ramp area.
 24. Thesystem of claim 20 wherein the quantization level calculator isconfigured to calculate the quantization level based on a set of pixelsin that direction.
 25. The system of claim 20, wherein the refiningmodule comprises: a pre-segmenter that is configured to apply asegmentation process along the ramp direction to obtain a smoothlychanging area including the selected pixel; and a segmenter that isconfigured to refine the smoothly changing area based on thequantization levels to obtain a refined segment area.
 26. The system ofclaim 25 further comprising a low-pass filter that is configured toperform a low-pass filtering operation on the refined segment area toobtain a filtered area with higher precision pixel values.
 27. Thesystem of claim 26 further comprising a gain controller that isconfigured to obtain luminance value measurements in the refined segmentarea, and determine a gain value from the measured luminance values. 28.The system of claim 27 further comprising a mixer that is configured tomix the filtered and the original luminance values of the selectedpixel, based on the gain value.
 29. The system of claim 27, wherein thegain controller is further configured to determine a sub-gain g1 basedon a difference between a maximum luminance value Y_(max) and a minimumluminance value Y_(min) of the pixels within the refined segment. 30.The system of claim 27, wherein the gain controller is furtherconfigured to determine a sub-gain g2 based on a difference between theluminance of the selected pixel, and either a minimum luminance Y_(min)or a maximum luminance Y_(max) within the refined segment.
 31. Thesystem of claim 27, wherein the gain controller is further configured todetermine a sub-gain g3 based on the neighboring pixel differences alongthe selected direction within the refined segment.
 32. The system ofclaim 27, wherein the gain controller is further configured to:determine a first sub-gain g1 based on a difference between a maximumluminance value Y_(max) and a minimum luminance value Y_(min) of thepixels within the refined segment; determine a second sub-gain g2 basedon a difference between the luminance of the selected pixel, and eithera minimum luminance Y_(min) or a maximum luminance Y_(max) within therefined segment; determine a third sub-gain g3 based on the neighboringpixel differences along the selected direction within the refinedsegment; and determine the gain value based on a combination of two ormore of the sub-gain values.
 33. The system of claim 32 wherein the gaincontroller is further configured to determine the gain value bymultiplying the three sub-gains together to obtain the gain value. 34.The system of claim 33 wherein the gain controller is further configuredto determine the gain value by multiplying the three sub-gains togetherand spatially filtering the product to obtain the gain value.
 35. Thesystem of claim 30 wherein the gain controller is further configured todetermine the sub-gain g2 as a function of a first gain component f1that is based on the minimum of: (1) the difference between theluminance of the selected pixel and a minimum luminance in the refinedsegment, and (2) the difference between the luminance of the selectedpixel and a maximum luminance value in the refined segment.
 36. Thesystem of claim 35 wherein the gain controller is further configured todetermine the sub-gain g2 as a function of a second gain component f2that is based on the absolution difference between the maximum luminancevalue Y_(max) and the minimum luminance value Y_(min) in the refinedsegment.
 37. The system of claim 29 wherein the gain controller isfurther configured to determine the sub-gain g1 by: comparing saiddifference to threshold values, Y1 and Y2, wherein Y1<Y2, and if saiddifference is smaller than the smaller threshold Y1, then settingsub-gain g1 to 1; and if said difference is larger than the largerthreshold Y2, then setting sub-gain g1 to 0; otherwise, setting sub-gaing1 to a linearly interpolated value between 0 and 1 based on theposition of the difference between the two thresholds Y1 and Y2.
 38. Thesystem of claim 37 wherein the gain controller is further configured toselect the threshold values Y1 and Y2 based on the quantization levelsin the pre-defined directions.
 39. The system of claim 38 wherein thegain controller is further configured to select the threshold values Y1and Y2 by: determining a maximum q_(max) among the quantization levels;if q_(max) is smaller than a pre-defined threshold q_th1, then selectingY1 and Y2 as pre-defined values Y1_min and Y2_min (Y2_min≧Y1_min),respectively, wherein Y2_min≧Y1_min; and if q_(max) is larger than apre-defined threshold q_th2, then selecting Y1 and Y2 as pre-definedvalues Y1_max and Y2_max, respectively, wherein Y2_max≧Y1_max;otherwise, setting Y1 to a linearly interpolated value between Y1_minand Y1_max based on the position of q_(max) between q_th1 and q_th2, andsetting Y2 to a linearly interpolated value between Y2_min and Y2_maxbased on the position of q_(max) between q_th1 and q_th2.
 40. The systemof claim 31 wherein the gain controller is further configured todetermine the sub-gain g3 by: comparing said ratio to threshold values,S1 and S2, wherein S1<S2; if the ratio is smaller than the smallerthreshold S1, then setting sub-gain g3 to 1; and if the ratio is largerthan the larger threshold S2, then setting sub-gain g3 to 0; otherwise,setting the sub-gain g3 to a linearly interpolated value between 0 and 1based on the position of the ratio between the two thresholds S1 and S2.41. The system of claim 40 wherein the gain controller is furtherconfigured to dynamically select the threshold values S1 and S2 based onthe quantization levels.
 42. The method of claim 1, further comprising:counting pixels with a luminance value greater than or less than thethreshold, wherein pixels with a luminance value equal to the thresholdare temporarily removed during counting the pixels, and a ramp isdetected if a total count is less than or equal to a predeterminedvalue.